О доверии

В метро слушаю разные подкасты – This American life, BBC, Economist, HBR, Эхо Москвы. Последний очень полезен мне для восстановления лакун понимания. Хоть я и следил за происходящим в России, как мне казалось, довольно внимательно, но конечно не в той степени, в какой это делает человек, постоянно живущий в стране.

В Эхе меня привлекает независимость суждений, да и личное мужество комментаторов. Они довольно разнообразны и далеко не все одинаково либеральны. Но у либералов меня несколько настораживает тотальное недоверие к институтам власти. Например, Евгения Альбац неоднократно повторяет, что власть насквозь коррупционна. Это просто не так. Большинство из нас могут назвать людей, работающих во власти но не коррупционных. Например, мне трудно поверить, чтобы нынешнее руководство МОНа было коррупционным.

Проблема ведь в том, что демократия, за которую борются либералы, невозможна без доверия к институтам власти. См. например ставший классическим труд Путнама. Конечно, можно и нужно быть критичным к партии, стоящей у власти. Но если постоянно подтачивать доверие к самим институтам – всем без исключения институтам, то мирный переход к настоящей демократии становится ведь просто немыслимым. А немирный переход редко, очень редко бывает удачным. Ведь если Единая Россия уйдет из власти, то кто бы ни пришел им на смену будут использовать те же самые институты. А институты работают в той степени, в которой им доверяет население.

Еще меня раздражает глубокая конспирологичность как либералов, так и правых. Ну с правыми понятно – они всегда видят заговор, даже в плохой погоде. Такова природа ультраконсервативного мышления. Но та же Альбац всегда задает вопрос – А что власть имеет под эти в виду? А чего добивается власть? Как будто есть какие-то тайные нити, и Путин с несколькими друзьями за них постоянно дергает. И что тысячи бывших КГБэшников сидят по всей стране и на эти ниточки совершенно послушно реагируют. Представление о какой-то единой «власти» - ужасно наивное. Все кто кем-то и чем-то когда-либо управлял, знают, что управляемость любой социальной системы имеет свои границы. И что во власти множество людей со своими интересами со своими тараканами в голове. Путин, так же как и Обама, оперирует в довольно узких пределах возможного. Даже в такой достаточно авторитарной стране, нет отлаженного аппарата власти. Можно конечно соглашаться или не соглашаться с решениями первых лиц, но нельзя повсюду видеть их решения. Это тот же наивный монархизм, только вывернутый наизнанку.

Кстати те же вещи работают и на несравнимо более мелком уровне. Если вы думаете, что организацией управляет один человек, и что в его действиях (как они дошли до вас) есть всегда какой-то план и смысл, то вам обязательно примерещится заговор, рано или поздно.

The world is simpler than you think

Some complex problems can be explained by very trivial conditions. For example, I was struggling to understand why would a federal research institute create a monster of a professional standard with 16 pages, single-spaced, including 54 competencies. The last one is the ability “to plan and conduct negotiations with Russian and foreign counterparts.” And this is for a master’s degree in education. Why would anyone do this? There is absolutely no way to check for all of these competencies. The fairly important task of building a coherent program is impossible to do with the numerous competencies in mind. The standard reminded me of the first generation of NCATE standards, just as clumsy and worthless. Why would the Russian government wish to make the same mistake as Americans made some quarter century ago?

The answer is simple – the institute that writes those standards is paid good money for the job. President Putin has decreed to create 800 new standards by 2015 – what a silly idea in the world of constantly changing jobs and shifting competencies! Regardless, writing the standards has become an industry. And people who write them want to make sure the documents are long and dense enough to justify the money.

By the way, the clumsiness of American standards probably was rooted in a different simple explanation. They were all written by committees of volunteers, and anyone who tried the game knows how it usually ends. People are exhausted by negotiations, and they begin including each other’s points not because they agree, but simply to preserve some semblance of peace within the writing committee. So the points keep being added.

Yes, these simple conditions that everyone knows and yet no one notices, are usually at the very root of ugly bureaucratic things we suffer from. We accuse each other of evil intent or stupidity, both of which may sometimes be true. However, more often than not an invisible small mistake at the origin of an idea creates a very complicated and sometimes very harmful consequence.

I am not sure what to do about this. Perhaps we must learn these lessons one by one: do not write standards by committee. Do not pay people by length of the document if you want simplicity. The most important lesson is to look for simple explanation; it is usually true.

Ежик в тумане

Приближаюсь к трем месяцам работы в Вышке. До сих пор чувствовал себя как ежик в тумане – вот вдруг выплывет из тумана нога, потом и вся лошадь, вот ухнет филин. Общей картины не видно, но отдельные предметы узнаются. Только сейчас, или просто кажется, туман начинает как-то рассеиваться. И постепенно становится видно хотя бы до края полянки. Если честно, то блуждание в тумане заняло несколько дольше, чем я планировал. И спасибо всем коллегам, которые относятся ко мне с пониманием и терпением, охраняя пока меня от совершения глупостей.

Это потому что я вернулся, в общем-то, в совершенно иную страну, не ту из которой когда-то уехал. Да и сам я, конечно же, изменился. Язык знакомый, да и людей всех узнаю. И все-таки что-то неуловимо изменилось в воздухе, что-то другое появилось в отношениях. Не могу сказать, что изменилось к худшему. Скорее наоборот, москвичи – старые и новые – сохранили свое благодушие и некоторый вечно присущий им пофигизм. На нравах москвичей благотворно сказалось их массовое вливание в средний класс. На дорогах значительно улучшилась обстановка – куда девались камикадзе за рулями старых жигулей девяностых годов? И все-таки, все-таки что-то очень серьезно съехало, сдвинулось и центр тяжести где-то в другом месте. Не знаю как и сказать.

За двадцать лет и американцы изменились. Мы покидали не ту страну, в которую приехали в 1991. Никто тогда не думал, что совсем скоро будет избран афроамериканский президент, или что американские генералы будут требовать отмены запрета для геев служить в армии. Когда мы приехали в Америку, не было ни интернета, ни мобильных телефонов, и подавали факсовую бумагу в рулонах. Но все эти изменения ни в какое сравнение не идут с российскими подвижками. Вот сейчас все вспоминают о 93 годе, который я с ужасом наблюдал по CNN всю ночь, будучи тогда сторожем в какой-то конторе. Но и с тех пор прошла целая эпоха, и уже молодые люди не представляют себе как это было, слава Богу. Не потому, что лишены воображения, а потому, что живут в другом мире.

Мой дед родился, кажется в 1904, моя внучка – в 2012. Вот тебе и сто лет с гаком. Но время течет неравномерно, и за последние двадцать лет утекло больше воды, чем обычно. Хотя может быть нам это только кажется.

Indian summer on the Gulf of Finland

The belated Indian summer: About a hundred of us from HSE are here, an hour away from St Petersburg, 10 minutes away from the Gulf of Finland.

I walk through a park; it looks as if a giant child threw giant yellow confetti all over the place. The groundskeepers swipe them into small bunches; a kind old tractor purrs and slowly pulls a cart full of the yellow. Someone’s feet right below me – oh, wait those are mine – make little yellow waves – sheesh, sheesh, sheesh, sheesh. Someone’s head regurgitates and chews over remnants of past and future conversations. Even though it is my head, I am not really in it. I left for a minute; will be back any time.

I float in mid-air among the dark trees, and their yellow foliage; I dash out into the sea, and come back into the park. I am the sun, I am the pale northern light, I am the mercury play in the sea just below the sun. Mine is the smell of leaves and that mysterious hint of burning. I inhale the entire sky and it fills my mouth and my lungs, bursting out. Cars swoosh by on my back, people crawl on my arms like harmless ants. Amen.

This is the Indian summer of 2013 on the Gulf of Finland. The minutes submitted respectfully by yours truly.

Если вы такие умные, то почему не богатые?

Наш коллега Исак Фрумин на последнем семинаре Института Образования задал вопрос – почему России не удается капитализировать на своем, по всем объективным оценкам, очень существенном человеческом капитале? Действительно, по уровню образованности Россия превосходит многие страны мира, от которых по ВВП она существенно отстает. Конечно, тут множество факторов, искажающих показатели ВВП - в первую очередь, нефть. Но и Россия не бедна ресурсами. И даже если отбросить нефтяные страны из списка, то окажется, что и многие безресурсные страны отстают от нас по уровню образования, но живут богаче. Для тех из нас, кто считает человеческий капитал одним из ключевых в экономическом развитии, это действительно некая загадка.

Некоторые из гипотез, которые прозвучали в ответ, искали причину в какой-то скрытой характеристике нашего образования. Может быть, мы не учим детей творчески мыслить, может быть не учим их себя продавать. Может, наше образование слишком ригидно, а учителя слишком строгие? Возможно, в западном образовании есть какие-то скрытые культурные характеристики, плохо измеряемые стандартизированными тестами?

Не знаю, не знаю. Мои двадцать два года работы в американском образовании не раскрыли мне никакого такого секрета. Возможно что-то я и пропустил. Мне кажется, разрыв между потенциалом человеческого капитала и его экономическим эффектом вообще лежит вне образования. Как и любой ресурс, человеческий капитал может более или менее эффективно использоваться, и в России пока не очень. Почему? Дело в том, что есть две разновидности экономического чуда. Первая – это когда отсталая страна третьего мира делает экономический скачок за счет дешевой и избыточной рабочей силы. Именно так произошло с Китаем и до него – со всеми азиатскими драконами. Вторая разновидность – это когда страна со средним уровнем развития делает ставку на свой человеческий капитал и прорывается в какую-то сферу постиндустриальной экономики. Например, так как это произошло с Израилем или Ирландией, и, наверное, поздним Гонконгом. Так вот экономического чуда первого рода России не совершить, потому что она его уже пережила в период советской индустриализации – хотя и не совсем в классическом виде. У нас нет избыточной дешевой рабочей силы. А вот экономического чуда второго рода, по видимому, нельзя совершить без демократии, независимого правосудия, права на собственность и некоторой де-регуляции экономики. Во всяком случае, я не нашел ни одного примера или просто не знаю.

В постсоветской России к власти пришел класс государственных менеджеров (зовите их бюрократами или чиновниками). Именно благодаря относительно высокому уровню своей образованности, этот класс сумел организоваться и построить тип рентной экономики надстроенной над ресурсной экономикой. Этот класс очень утонченно использует регулирующие функции государства для извлечения прибыли – не только коррупционными, но и вполне легальными способами. Но политическая система не имеет сильных противовесов в виде гражданского общества, независимых судов, независимой прессы, настоящих политических партий, и т.п. Никто по-настоящему не способен организовать противовес их интересам и повернуть государство лицом к бизнесу, и открыть дорогу инвестициям и креативной экономике. Именно поэтому спрос на рынке труда для образованной части населения остается ограниченным, а предложение – избыточным. Это естественно подавляет рост доходов среднего класса, ограничивает потребительский спрос, и т.д. – весь цикл стагнационной экономики.

И в заключение, одна история – когда нам надо было отправить коробки с одеждой через океан, перевозчицкая компания мне написала (ошибочно, как потом оказалось) – вам надо получить номер работодателя, то есть по существу, зарегистрировать бизнес. Что я и сделал примерно за 30 минут, не выходя из своего дома. С именем, налоговым номером, юридическим адресом. Без всякой электронной подписи, без предъявления паспорта, без хождения по кабинетам. В России тоже, надо отдать должное, путем невероятных усилий удалось сократить срок юридической регистрации малого бизнеса до пяти дней, но барьеры для получения разрешений на помещения, подключение к сети, а так же страх «случайных» проверок остаются очень высокими. И это не потому, что американцы такие умные, а у россиян, дескать «всегда так». Ничего подобного. Просто в Америке чиновники не стоят у власти – там власть – это клубок постоянно враждующих друг с другом групп, включая и чиновников. И чтобы победить друг друга, они должны себя ограничивать, и постоянно оглядываться на избирателей. Их никто так не учил в школе, они этому научились в жизни.

Нельзя обвинять российских бюрократов в том, что они бюрократы, или обвинять исполнительную власть в том, что она хочет слишком много власти. Это ведь их природа. И вы бы на их месте повели себя примерно так же. И нет ничего наивнее, чем жаловаться на власть самой же власти, как это делают некоторые российские либералы. Мол, будьте порядочными людьми и как вам не стыдно. Им нужно противопоставить другие силы, ограничить их возможности. Именно так – вне этики и вне культуры – и понимали демократию отцы самой старой республики мира – США. И оказались правы.

Так что образование тут ни при чем.

A rainy day in the Manège

It’s been raining non-stop for a week in Moscow; cold and windy, and our fall clothes are stuck somewhere in Riga. People around me are dropping like flies with a cold, and the inside of my nose is feeling funny already. The common cold has nothing to do with temperature or humidity. The whole legend of catching a cold is one of the best examples of false causation. What happens is – people spend more time indoors, and do not open their windows for fresh air and sun – this spreads the virus faster and keeps more of it alive. However cold and humid air does not cause the common cold. The very word for “cold” as a disease is a misnomer. It is another virus, different from the flu virus, but still a virus.

Grim Moscow pigeons sit on the roofs and wires, obviously unaware of shelter as a concept. Nothing goes on through their little stupid heads. Oh, wait, why are we outside, too, if we’re so smart? May be pigeons have their own purpose. Maybe they are trying to kill the flu virus by sitting on the roofs in rain. Perhaps there is a covenant of non-sheltering pigeons trying to prove to their gods how tough they are. What if their sitting on the roofs is an art performance?

Svetlana and I went to see a contemporary arts show in the Manège. OK, she dragged me to see it. It was actually very cool with many video installation pieces. The most surprising was the fact that there were several hundred other people trudging through the rain to get there; mostly younger, hip, artsy crowd. I like them; I like the whole younger generation of Russian urbanites. Not scared and scarred in their childhood by Soviet daycare staff, these people look and behave like any young artsy crowd in any of the world capitals. Some bring their children, some are still working on it by kissing, rain or shine. Good luck and a little bit of Indian summer to all: people, pigeons, artists, and children.

Бюрократия и коррупция

В отличие от большинства людей, я совершенно нормально отношусь к бюрократии, к различным правилам, требованиям, регламентам, и процедурам. Это потому что я и сам бюрократ и создал за свою жизнь много форм и правил.Джеймс Вильсон в классической работе, изданной в 1989, писал, что каждое правило – это попытка защитить целостность какого-то процесса, попытка предотвратить проблему.

Чем выше уровень коррупции – не реальный уровень, а перцептуальный – тем жестче бюрократические требования. Например, в моем американском банке мне достаточно пароля, а в Сбербанке надо каждый раз получить СМС с паролем. Почему? Потому что Бэнк оф Америка работает в более безопасной среде, чем Сбербанк? Так ли это в действительности, никто не знает, но я сильно сомневаюсь, что в виртуальном мире мошенников где-то может быть больше и где-то меньше. Думаю, что Сбербанк перестраховывается, и заодно теряет потенциальных пользователей и раздражает существующих.

Но вот другой пример – по закону, человек может отучиться на бесплатной магистратуре только раз в жизни. Поэтому мы конфискуем оригиналы их предыдущих дипломов, и держим их в сейфе. Это страшно неудобно, раздражает кучу людей, но это пока единственный способ выполнения закона. Все это понятно, но вопрос всегда в соотношении цены и выгоды. Насколько мелкие неудобства для всех стоят того, чтобы предотвратить возможные мошеннические действия нескольких человек?

Дело в том, что ответить на этот вопрос невозможно без объективных данных, и получить их очень сложно. Мы не знаем, сколько человек в стране захотят – под страхом наказания – на халяву заработать два магистерских диплома. Я не думаю что очень немного, но доказать этого не могу.

Другая проблема: Есть некоторое пороговое значение, после которого бюрократические барьеры не столько останавливают волну коррупции, сколько порождают новые волны вынужденной коррупции. Например, в организации N невозможно, извиняюсь, закупить шампанского, потому что бухгалтерия справедливо заботится о злоупотреблениях. Что остается руководителю, которому надо отпраздновать успехи коллектива? Выписывается фиктивная премия доверенному человеку, который отдает ее в неформальную заначку. То есть излишне жесткое регулирование порождает больше коррупции. Создается классический порочный круг, в котором средство борьбы с социальным злом порождает больше этого зла. Кроме того, этическая граница между дозволенным и недозволенным размывается.

Восприятие коррупции в России зашкаливает. Мы числимся 133 из 176 стран. Несомненно, с крупной коррупцией надо бороться, так же как и с любой другой национальной угрозой – то есть системно и упорно, но без фанатизма. Ведь не будем забывать, что сталинские репрессии отчасти мотивировались борьбой с коррупцией, как ее тогда понимали. Но не надо забывать и то, что коррупционная активность как нелегальная, по определению, трудно измеряема. Мы не знаем, насколько россияне преувеличивают уровень бытовой коррупции в своей стране; думаю, что серьезно. Поэтому в каждом конкретном случае надо взвешивать риск коррупционных действий по отношению к бюрократической процедуре. Причем в стоимость процедуры надо обязательно включать и ненамеренное порождение новых форм коррупции.

Действительно ли при оформлении надо в библиотеке спрашивать и пропуск, и паспорт? Ведь первый выдается на основании последнего. Действительно ли нам нужны копии трудовой книжки, заверенные в отделе кадров, если мы все равно потом проверяем оригиналы? Нет, не нужны. Полное отсутствие любой коррупции и мошенничества невозможно, и поэтому попытки создать непроницаемые бюрократические барьеры – контрпродуктивны. Надо немного понизить бюрократические барьеры, что сделает нашу жизнь более приятной, а нашу работу - более эффективной.

Peer review in teaching

“OK, your video clip was crap,” – this is more or less a direct quote from the Fall retreat by one of our programs (educational management). Here is another interesting example of peer review methodology that my new colleagues invented years ago. They basically start the year with a retreat, where faculty present courses they developed to each other. The academic discourse in Russia is a lot pushier than in the US (although people don’t seem to be hurt; they all know each other). So it looks more like a defense than like a presentation. But ignoring the tone, it is just such a simple and useful exercise.

For some time now, I wondered how to apply the discipline of peer review to the teaching process. This is why I’ve put together Syllabus. We did? of course do something like that in Colorado and Rhode Island, but only when a new program was developed, or in a context of a major revision. We call it curriculum sequencing, or curriculum alignment.

But in general, higher ed courses are born alone and die alone; rarely do faculty share them with each other. And we lack opportunity to get peer affirmation about the wonderful job we all do. And it is so important - to get some recognition, praise from our peers. The other side of the same equation – there is very little pressure, no shame in doing a poor job designing courses, because no one is normally looking. And most importantly – those two very bright people that created the video clip thought it was just great; most of the audience disliked it. So they avoided making a public mistake in front of the students, by making it in front of their peers. It is safer that way.

I am not sure how to institutionalize something like that. Only one or two of our six programs do anything like this retreat. It does cost time and money, and certain level of comfort with each other and some level of trust. But I don’t see any other way, really. All university faculty should find a way of intense, honest conversations about how we teach, or MOOC’s will run us out of existence. This is really the time to focus on teaching.

Что общего между организацией и кофеваркой?

Уже несколько раз в своей жизни я пытаюсь специально – и как можно быстрее – изучить новую для меня организацию. Те, кто давно работают на одном месте, обычно недооценивают объем контекстуального знания, которым человек должен располагать для того, чтобы принимать хоть сколько-нибудь эффективные решения. Есть две принципиальные стратегии изечения оганизации. Первая – читать различные документы и разговаривать с сотрудниками. Вторая – пытаться в этой организации сразу что-то сделать. Разница примерно такая: одни люди внимательно читают все инструкции по обращению с новой кофеваркой, а уж потом ее используют. Другие немедленно начитают включать, вертеть, заливать куда-то воду, и если уж совсем ничего не получается, обращаются к инструкции. Как говорят американцы, “When everything else fails, read the instructions.” В некотором смысле, это различие отражает два принципиальных представления об образовании: одно видит образование как чтение одной длинной и увлекательной инструкции к жизни, другое – как саму жизнь.

Выбор между двумя стратегиями не так очевиден, как хотелось бы сторонникам конструктивизма или деятельностного подхода. Он, конечно же, зависит от предмета изучения. Если вы купили кофеварку, и сломать ее трудно, то ради бога включайте и экспериментируйте – дело пойдет быстрее, и интерес к проблеме останется высоким. Если же вы учитесь как управлять самолетом на котором я полечу, то уж пожалуйста, никаких эксперментов, прочтите все инструкции, посидите несколько тысяч часов в тренажере, полетайте с опытными товарищами, а уж потом везите меня.

Но вернемся от кофеварок к организациям. Обе стратегии имеют свои преимущества. Первая лучше защищает от ошибок. Вторая потенциально намного быстрее, потому что все углы, линии, узлы и дыры организации немедленно становятся очевидными если в ней пытаться работать. Насчет ошибок - тут ничего смертельного как с самолетом быть не может, потому что в любой сложной организации имеется многоуровневая система бюрократической безопасности. Вообще, организация – это такой механизм который люди придумали для защиты от собственной склонности постоянно ошибаться. Скорее ошибки начального периода заключаются в том, что новый человек затевает какие-то инициативы, какие-то непонятные проекты, многие из которых оказывается, как теперь говорят, не в тему. Но это он просто нажимает на самые разные кнопочки, экспериментирует, учится.

Дело еще то в том, что у организаций нет и не бывает настоящих инструкций по эксплуатации. То есть документов-то обычно офигенное множество, но из них непонятно, какие действительно важны, а какие – так, для порядка. Например, помню как на прошлой работе только через полгода до меня дошло, что третья глава хэндбука (в котором, кстати не было никаких других глав) и контракт с профсоюзом – это и есть те главные документы, по которым живет кампус. Но кроме них, существует еще два десятка правил, которые вообще нигде не записаны, и представляют собой, так сказать, бюрократический фольклор. На моей позапрошлой работе, это были другие документы и иные правила.

Одной из самых неочевидных сторон организации обычно бывает ее организационная структура. Нет, не та которая нарисована на схеме, а настоящая. Она очень редко совпадает с официальной, и названия структур всега прозрачны только для своих. За ними стоят люди, с которыми бывает целая сеть неформальных отношений.

Мне никогда не приходилось видеть статичной организации – они все время изменяются, двигаются, так что и старожилы вобщем-то далеко не все знают о своей организации. И их впечатления всегда окрашены в цвета, диктуемые их опытом и положением. Вышка, безусловно занимает в моем кооротком списке почетное место самой быстротекущей организации. Это, конечно, страшно интересно, но требует более обширной - и более динамичной - мысленной карты.

Someone snatched my mittens

Here is a story I heard in the cafeteria yesterday. A little girl stands in a school hallway, crying. “What happened?” – asks the teacher. “Someone snatched my mittens” (The girl uses this really obscene Russian expression that makes “to steal” out of “vagina.” Yeah, THAT kind of a “snatch”). “Oh my, why do you cuss?” – The teacher is appalled. “So snatching is OK, but cussing is not?” – answers the girl.

The story is really funny, and unprintable in Russian, for language taboos are somewhat stronger here than in English. I do remember, however, how an editor of conference proceedings in the Midwest was going to deny the publication of a scholarly paper that cited a poem with the word “fuck” in it. It was not at all a frivolous use, just a citation.

One of distinct joys of my return to Russia is hearing the natural language once again. It is like a difference between watching the ocean on TV and walking barefoot on the shore. In its native land, the language is vibrant, powerful, reckless and yet self-regulating. People experiment with it every day, and occasionally the most memorable findings are picked up and replicated like a virus. Most of these innovations will die soon, and only very few will stick around. Yet watching this active layer of language to develop is really incredible. Only the dullest of all people are upset by bastardization of languages.

In the immigrant communities, people do play with language, too. However, it is mostly vis-à-vis the host language. There is very little chance for an innovation born in Brooklyn, no matter how smart, to become mainstream in Russia. It is just a very different game, a game of a community struggling to survive as a linguistic entity. The émigré language survives for a couple of generations, but it can sense its demise. The language at home, at least in a large country, is not looking at surviving; it is free to experiment.

I think I am going to miss the same kind of presence in American English though. I just started to appreciate it probably some 5-6 years ago. And it is the same thing: people treat their language as a playground, not to follow whatever stupid rules the grammarians invent. Tell me something funny you heard on the street in America.

При слове "менталитет" буду кусаться

Предупреждаю по честному: если кто-то использует слово «менталитет» в деловом разговоре, я могу покусать.

Во-первый потому, что само понятие не имеет ровно никакой научной валидности. Никто его никогда не измерил, и даже как следует определил. Нет никаких эмпирических доказательств его сществования. Понятие происходит из первой трети двадцатого века, когда европейцы увлекались мистическими понятиями вроде духа нации, этнической психологии и прочей белибердой. Мода эта в Европе и во всем мире давно прошла, не в последней степени благодаря нацизму. Идеи эти оказались далеко не безвредны, хотя многие порядочные люди в те времена ими увлекались. И вообще, знание о том, что шведы в среднем несколько более флегматичны, чем итальянцы абсолютно никак не помогает в общении с конкретным шведом и конкретным итальянцем. Вариантность внутри каждой этнической группы оказалась во много раз выше чем вариантность между группами. А россияне это даже и не этническая группа.

Во-вторых потому, что менталитет никак не объясняет поведение человека. Выходцы из Союза за рубежом, которых я повидал великое множество, на своих новых родинах ведут себя точно так же, как и аборигены – на улицах не сорят, налоги платят, на выборах голосуют, и т.д. И если они и не делают этого, то в примерно той же пропорции, что и аборигены. Люди ведут себя так, как им диктуют правила игры, а на так как м диктует какой-то загадочный «менталитет». Например, если неопытное российское государство создает непреодолимые препятствия к честному ведению бизнеса, деловые люди вынуждены входить в коррупционные отношения.

В-третьих потому, что почти универсально менталитет поминается тогда, когда не хочется что-то менять или когда хочется как-то оправдать собственную некомпетентность. Никогда я не слышал, чтобы человек говорил о менталитете, когда что-то удалось или работает как запланировано. Например, никто не благодарит менталитет, проезжая по прекрасному подмосковному шоссе или получая информацию из Яндекса. А почему?

Никакого менталитета нет. Люди живущие в России, к счастью или к сожалению ничем не отличаются от жителей других стран, находящихся на похожем уровне экономического развития (страны со средним уровнем дохода). В России работают те же политические, экономические, юридические, анти-коррупционные меры, которые работают в других странах. И она работают примерно с той же эффективностью, то есть не всегда хорошо. Все проблемы, которые россияне считают неразрешимыми, разрешимы в той же степени, в которой они разрешимы в других странах. Россияне не менее способны к демократии чем немцы или индийцы.

Умом Россию можно понять в той же степени, в какой и все другие страны и народы где-то понимаемы, а где-то непостижимы. Надо заметить, что Тютчев, который утверждал обратное, осуществлял на Западе специальное задание Третьего отделения по созданию позитивного пиара для Российской империи. Конечно ему надо было говорить о том что мол аршином общим не измерить, чтобы как-то оправдать отсутствие свобод на родине и в то же время представить свою страну великой державой. То есть верьте нам на слово, иными словами.

Подойдем к вопросу без фанатизма. Конечно, на поверхностном уровне национальная культура имеет определенное значение. Но не надо думать что культуры народов мира каким-то образом фундаментально ограничивают то, чего народы могут достичь, или что они не меняются. Посмотрите вокруг – неужели вы всерьез думаете что культура России в 2013 году та же, что в 1913? Нужно вывернуть наизнанку здравый смысл и игнорировать действительность, чтобы утверждать что-либо подобное. Поэтому предлагаю решать проблемы по мере их поступления, и оставить менталитет для досуга и досужих разговоров.

Reverse Culture Schock

Many years ago, when I was completing my stint at Notre Dame, we were warned of reverse cultural shock. It is a real phenomenon: people returning to their home country from extended stays abroad experience alienation, maladjustment, and feeling not quite home. I have never experienced it; perhaps because I have been back to Russia almost every year after about 1996. Maybe because I am thick, or perhaps because we lived in five different states in the US, and in three different places in Russia before that. I doubt military families experience much of it either when they return to their home towns.

Any move – domestic or international – brings about a little catastrophe in everyday life. One no longer knows where things are. I also noticed that little glitches can bring about large anxiety, because we tend to worry about bigger things, and project our anxiety on silly things. I remember in 1999 I was shocked Ohio did not have any banks with internet interface, which was fairly common in Seattle. But, of course, within a year they caught on, and it was not a big deal either – you just had to go to the bank, which in a small town was never a problem.

So yesterday I spent a couple of hours trying to figure out the cell phone system in Russia. It is completely different than in the US – no monthly plans, and phones can be used to transfer money, and for many other things. Of course when I left Russia in 1991, cell phones did not exist. And now Russia boasts one of the most innovative cell phone industries. OK, so the darn things don’t work for me, because I don’t know anything about them. The machine ate my 5000 rubles, which I thought was a 100 rubles note (similar colors). OK, it did not like any of my credit cards, so I have to go and feed the machine with cash. But hey, this is really a small thing. At least I did not have to learn a whole new language.

Little annoyances like that happen. Sometime they are cultural. Check out an ad; keep in mind Russian pronouns have gender-specific endings: “Looking for a he-waiter, he-barmen, he-cook, and she-dishwasher.” Talk about the sexist language. Or this one: “A Slavic family will rent an apartment.” Slavic is euphemism for White, non-Asian Russians. However, to my delight, I find the educational discourse here very similar to that in the US. The university life and organizational structure is very similar. So it is really one’s choice what to focus on – the small annoying things that really stand for a larger anxiety about the move? Or focus on big, important things that work well?

Not denying the reverse culture shock theory, I am just saying to all repatriates – get a grip; it's up to you, really. 

КЦП и реформа педагогического образования

Основная проблема российского педагогического образования лежит за пределами самого педагогического образования. Довольно незначительная часть выпускников педвузов и педфакультетов идет работать в школу. В результате учительский корпус стареет и редеет. Федеральный бюджет тратит cерьезные средства в форме КЦП (контрольные цифры приема), а проблема остатся нерешенной. Отсюда, отчасти и намерения МОНа реформировать педагогическое образование.

Проблема, в сущности, экономическая – связанная с особенностями российского рынка труда и системой финансирования высшего образования, унаследованная еще с советских времен. Если человек получает высшее образование бесплатно, и если рынок труда примет его вне зависимости от характера высшего образования, то рациональным выбором будет поступление в местный вуз на любую специальность. Покольку педвузов много и они есть почти везде, то естественно что многие молодые люди поступают в пед без малейшего желания быть педагогами. Это побочный эффект бесплатного высшего. Само по себе оно прекрасно, но побочные эфекты есть и у самого лучшего лекарства. В советские времена проблема отчасти решалась через инстит распределения. С невозможностью продолжения этого института проблема, естественно, обострилась. Радикальное расширение сферы высшего образования тоже обострило проблему. Надо добавить что трудоустройство не по профилю – проблема общая и для многих других специальностей.

К сожалению, даже если нам удастся улучшить качество педагогического образования, то это не решит проблемы недостатка учителей. Скорее наоборот, если мы будем готовить учителей лучше, то их будут еще более охотно брать на работу в других отраслях. А недостаток учителей будет сводить на нет усилия по повышению качества наших программ.

Я не предлагаю возродить рапределение – у него не было бы сегодня никаких юридических оснований. Тем н менее, хотелось бы обратить на нтересную (хотя к сожалению и небольшую) американскую программу TEACH grant. Студентам, выбравшим орпределенные педагогические специальности, дают грант на оплату обучения. Если же по окончании вуза выпускник не идет в школу, то грант превращается в кредит – тоже довольно благоприятный, но деньги надо возвращать. Вообще в проекте реформы высшего образоани есть проект перехожа на подушевое финансирование. Но я бы пошел дальше: отменить бесплатное высшее, давать щедрые кредиты самым достойным, но с определенными, та сказать, веревочками привязанными к этим кредитам. Если человек не работает в приоритетной отрасли, то кредит надо авплачивать. Если работает – то он постепенно снижается до нуля.

Конечно, одновременно надо повышать качество педагогического образования. Министерство же думает о сокращении КЦП. Пед образование – как дырявая бочка, в которую надо все время лить воду, чтобы хоть как-то ее заполнить. Это проблема, но она не решается ни уменьшением объема вливаемой воды, ни улучшением качества этой воды. Без пересмотра режима КЦП реформа останется малоэфективной. 

Putin’s Southern Strategy

After losing significant political support by a portion of liberal intelligentsia (especially in the capitals), Putin’s party has decided to bet on the socially conservative Russian majority. Hence the shift towards religion, family, protecting the children, tough on crime and coppurtion, against gay rights, against the West, against the western-funded NGO’s, against punk music, etc. Hence the uniforms in schools and a single history textbook. Hence the officially proclaimed conservative ideology of the United Russia. Some people lament this development as a slip backwards, to an autocratic rule. I disagree; it may be the beginning of normal political life in Russia. It does not feel that normal if you’re on the liberal side of the emerging divide. I know, and yet let me explain.

Anyone who knows the history of American politics is familiar Nixon’s Southern Strategy. It was a very successful attempt to attract the White Southern vote to the Republican party (and away from their traditional Democratic affiliation) by catering to their racist instincts. Taking more broadly, the strategy is to use controversial “wedge” social issues to attract voters to your party, and then do whatever you feel like with the economic, social, and foreign policy. As a result, the contemporary Republican Party is a weird alliance of evangelical Christians, the anti-abortion and anti-gay groups, of pro-gun and military people with economic liberals, neocons, and libertarians.

I don’t know if someone within Putin’s cabinet actually studied the playbook of American politics, but it does not matter. The logic of political struggle is the same everywhere. If you want to retain power, you should cater to whatever social mores of population’s majority, and preferably also create an impression that your opponents are on the other side of those social issues. It is somewhat dishonest, manipulative, and yes, this is exactly what the NORMAL politics in a democratic society feels like.

The better is the enemy of the good. Unrealistic expectations about the democratic political process do more harm than good. Just think about this for a second: at least Putin and the United Russia are worried about getting the votes. That’s important! That is huge step forward! They don’t feel like they can impose whatever they want on the population without winning elections. That is called democracy.

Their opponents should stop bickering and philosophizing, build their own broad coalition, use their own wedge social issues (just like Democrats learned to do), and play the same dirty games to win the support of the public. That’s exactly what the democratic politics is. It is not the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth, as generations of Russian intellectuals believed; nor is it your three dreams of Vera Pavlovna. Democracy is the worst form of government except for all other forms (Churchill, I think?). It is frustrating, slow, unfair, it may appeal to the basest instincts of the population, and – your party may keep losing for a long period of time. Get used to it.

Let’s give them some credit: Putin and his advisers understood this sooner than any of his opponents, again.

However, there are other reasons to worry, namely – how much free hand will the repressive bureaucracy get, and what progress if any is made on developing the independent judiciary. The fourth power – the free mass media – is in retreat, and one cannot win elections by Fb alone. As the recent American experience shows, the security apparatus will always go too far without limiting it by other branches of government. There is just no way to let them self-regulate; unhindered they only know how to grow and justify their existence. This is the instinct of all bureaucracies; however, it is just a little scarier in security organizations.

Возвращение

Вначале немного об этом блоге. Начал я его в 2006, когда стал директором отделения подготовки педагогов в университете Северного Колорадо, и с тех пор пропустил, может быть, три или четыре недели. Парадокс работы с группой людей в том что ведь каждому не объяснишь как ты пришел к тому или иному решению. Поскольку мотивация руководителя не всегда понятна, то его коллеги сами заполняют зазоры в понимании. Так просто человеческий ум устроен – нам нужна история, нужно объяснение. И там где его нет, возникает некоторый когнитивный диссонанс.

Ну вот, началось все как инструмент управления, но блог стал для меня чем-то большим. Это и тот ящик в столе, в который складываются мысли на потом, и попытка просто разглядеть какие-то общие черты в повседневной работе и суете. Поскольку я перехожу на работу в Вышку, то и язык решил сменить. Но мои американские друзья тоже хотели продолжать, поэтому пока буду по очереди – одну неделю по-русски, другую по-английски. Все-таки за семь лет накопилось 81 тысяча просмотров. Из-за правой рамки экрана можно вытащить переводчика – робота. Он хотя и не умеет пока, но сильно старается.

Вопрос, который постоянно задают и мне, и Светлане, и россияне, и американцы – почему. Почему после 22 лет в Америке мы возвращаемся в Россию. Ведь у меня в Штатах хорошая работа, у нас много друзей, дети и внучка здесь. А ответ достаточно простой если на него взглянуть абстрактно, без имен собственных – хороший университет предложил интересную работу в одном из самых увлекательных городов мира. В таких выражениях и загадка как-бы снимается, не правда ли?

Теперь не времена железного занавеса, и переезд – это просто переезд. Мы уже живем в пятом штате (Индиана, Вашингтон, Огайо, Колорадо, теперь Роуд Айленд), и в России до того жили подолгу, по крайней мере, в трех местах. В университетской среде, времена пожизненной оседлости и пожизненной работы на одном месте проходят. Мобильность полезнее для самих университетов, и для переезжающего человека, и в конечном итоге - для его семьи. Светлана, конечно, со мной не согласится, поскольку ее карьера постоянно прерывается с нашими переездами. Но это уже другая история.

Goodbyes

Saying goodbyes is an interesting experience. One rule seems to be - De profectus nil nisi bonum. Even though it reminds eulogies at a funeral, I like it! My colleagues have given me a wonderful Memories Blog of Sasha, with so many very thoughtful and kind comments and wishes. Thank you all for your warmth and welcoming spirit. RIC and its people have given me great three years. I have learned a lot from you all. Despite the eulogies, I am also aware of the many mistakes I have made. And if I offended someone, please forgive.

Unlike dead people, I will have an e-mail account, and you could always find me on my website sidorkin.net. Keep in touch. I will be very interested to know how some of the projects we started together turned out. I am also willing to help and answer questions, especially with numerous moving pieces of technology we’re using. But also, if any of you need advice, help, or a couch in Moscow, don’t hesitate to write.

There is the question of this blog. I started it in Colorado, in 2006. It has 292 posts including this one, and shows a little over 80,000 page views. Some of them are from robots that crawl the blogosphere for who knows what purposes. Most of the traffic, however, is from my colleagues, because I usually write about my work-related experiences and whatever random thoughts in relation to it. It started as a management tool, more or less. But it became something more for me, a discipline, like yoga or running or tai chi are for other people. No matter what, I will write a few sentences, no matter how poorly conceived and misspelled. It actually helps a lot to keep my mind sane (although this may be a self-delusion).

Anyway, I thought I would switch to Russian, for many of my future colleagues do not read English fluently. At the same time, I wanted to keep in touch with my American friends, most of whom do not read Russian. With John’s and David’s (and white wine’s) help, a compromise was found last night– I will alternate languages, and see how it goes.

Actually, Blogger has a translation tool. If you hover over right side of the screen, a menu slides out, and the top button instantly translates the text. It is still quite awkward, although immeasurably better than some ten years ago.

OK, enough already. Thank you all again, and if I don’t see you next week, good luck and goodbye.

Chosen peoples

Both Russians and Americans cherish the illusions of being special, different from other peoples. Let’s be fair, not just these two. Similar fantasies are cherished by many others, from Jews, the original chosen people, to Turks, to Chinese, and continue down the list. It is understandable, because any claim of national or ethnic identity simply implies a being somewhat different from others. But if you take those ideas a bit too far, they become impediments.

One is to refuse to learn from others. The American educational reform establishment is essentially isolationist. While there is a lot of rhetoric about catching up to other countries, very little actual learning from other countries is taking place. Finland has become the new darling of international school reformers, yet Americans manage to strive to catch up with Finland by doing everything opposite to what Finns have done. Russians right now are living through another corruption scandal connected to their state testing “YEGE.“ Many want to get rid of the tests altogether, despite the fact that every major country they are trying to catch up to use one or another form of achievement testing. Why? Of course, because of the mysterious Russian soul, and what works in the West and the East, somehow is not working in Russia.

The less exposure one has to other cultures, the more naïve is the sense of exceptionality. English is the most difficult language! Russian is a unique and most difficult language (neither is especially unique or especially difficult). The great American democracy gave the world public schooling (no, the idea was stolen from Prussian kings). Russia has the greatest original literature, music, and ballet traditions (No, all three are relatively young, and all borrowed from someone else). Etc., etc. Interestingly, the exceptionalism sometimes takes the form of “we are the worst.” For example, Russians widely believe that their country is one of the most corrupt in the world. However, it is very unlikely to be true. In the same way, Rhode Islanders think their state is the most corrupt in the nation, and it is definitely not true.

Those who interact deeply with foreigners (not just as tourists), sooner or later realize the fundamental similarity of all human thinking and especially of feeling. We are just not that different from each other. It would be interesting if we were, but we are not. While cultural practices vary, the underlying mental and affective wirings are remarkably similar. Policies and reforms that work in one place are likely to work in others. One should not ignore the demographics, but yet again, poor people in different countries have similar challenges, and resemble each other. Language learners in public schools will have similar needs and similar solutions will work for them.

Campbell’s Law

Donald T Campbell, a well-respected social scientist, came up with this pessimistic law:

• “The more any quantitative social indicator is used for social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption pressures and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social processes it is intended to monitor.”

His own examples are numerous and compelling. Measuring effectiveness of police forces by the proportion of crimes solved leads to “Failure to record all citizens’ complaints, or to postpone recording them unless solved.” More seriously, it encourages criminals to confess to crimes they did not commit in exchange for plea bargains, because police wants to count those crimes as solved and are desperate for plea bargains. It is important to know that not only the data will become inaccurate, but the practice it is supposed to measure actually gets worse. He also examined an early version of high stakes testing: “when test scores become the goal of the teaching process, they both lose their value as indicators of educational status and distort the educational process in undesirable ways.” This was in 1976! In a much darker example, he explains how Nixon administration switched from estimates of enemy casualties (which were utterly unrealistic) to enemy body counts. This bureaucratic trick lead to the My Lai massacre of 1968, and who knows how many unnecessary casualties.

Here is one example from our field. In the early zeroes, I was working in Ohio, and Praxis II passing rates were just beginning to be used for accreditation of teacher preparation programs. We learned that in the neighboring Michigan, all programs made the Praxis II passing a program completion requirement, hence achieving a 100% passage rate. Voila! Problem solved. Almost every institution in the country has done the same thing since.

Another more recent example: the new RI graduation requirement is to pass NECAP test. However, if one failed the first time, but has shown growth in the second attempt, one still graduates. I told about the rule to my non-educator neighbor, and it took him about 5 seconds to come up with a corrupt scheme: fail the exam on purpose for the first time, and then try hard on the second. I have no doubt high school seniors will come up with that idea sooner or later. No matter what your score is, you will improve. Of course, this will also lower the average passing rates for the State, which is the effect opposite to what RIDE intended.

What do we do then, abandon all measurements? This does not seem to be a viable option. Campbell himself entertained such solution as the use of external and independent evaluators, and finding measures immune to corruption. He also believed that the use of multiple measures, each of them imperfect, will reduce the corruption pressures. Basically, Campbell called for always paying attention to the corruption pressures, and carefully constructing methods that address them. It has been almost forty year, and many of same themes were discussed well before him. I am not sure how much we’ve actually learned. Numbers have a certain seductive simplicity to them. This is why sophisticated measurement experts are suspicious of numbers.

The Bad Apple theory

Over many years, I have seen this particular theory in action many times, in different kinds of communities. It usually afflicts strong ones, with a high degree of cohesion and of the collective self-regard. People locate all their problems in one or two particular members. If only this person, - the theory goes – would have left, we would be so much stronger, and things would become so much better. In some cases, it is the official leader of the community that gets the bad apple designation, but in most cases, it is just one of them. The one thing I am sure of – it does not work. Whenever one bad apple leaves, someone else immediately takes his or her role, and a new schism ensues. In the worst case scenario, a community gets worse with every round of the bad apple removals, and eventually tears itself completely apart. It does happen, and I have seen it happen. (This does not mean I have not – in the past – embraced it; I did, and am not proud of it).

Where does it come from? Again, it afflicts groups who have a strong collective sense of themselves. Their collective expectations are perhaps a little inflated, a little unrealistic. Real people have a hard time meeting those. Next, we all have a tendency to personalize evil. In other words, when things go wrong, it is incredibly liberating to us to see that it is someone’s fault. This is why we have such a hard time dealing with natural disasters, and why we cope brilliantly with acts of terrorism. An enemy is a gift of a sort, a place where we could deposit our rage. On a smaller scale, this is how the bad apple phenomenon works. Once we start picking apart one of us, - and sometimes with good reasons! – the negative bias becomes self-perpetuating. Keep looking for bad things in one particular person, and reinforce your findings with your friends and colleagues – and viola, you will find a lot more bad things. Moreover, this one person’s real or imagined failings become the cause of the general malaise. We as a community are not what we can be because of the one bad apple. This thought is as comforting as it is misleading.

Next, a lot of time and energy is diverted from positive things into routing out the bad apple. As a results, fewer good things are done, the community falls behind of its own expectations even further, and there are even more reasons to blame the bad apple.

Of course, the bad apple is a position, a role rather than one person’s intrinsic qualities. Not one of us can sustain the prolonged negative attention of an entire group without eventually starting to behave badly in response. So the bad apple is created, albeit unintentionally. And bad apples tend to fight back, making the whole cycle even more vicious and eventually self-defeating.

Great communities find a different way of dealing with the bad apples. They still have their outliers; by definition, if a community has a set of expectations, someone has to be less conforming than others. It is just a statistical fact. But great communities embrace their bad apples, even treasure them in a weird way which I cannot quite pin-point. Rather than removing the bad apple, everyone is concerned about finding the right place for it.

A doze of humility is an essential component of a great community; it includes the general realization that humans are very flawed creatures to begin with, and that none of us the “good” apples is that great either. There is also a healthy tolerance for imperfection: we as a community is not perfect, and things do not always go as they should. And finally, great communities are focused on the outside, and are not obsessed by their own internal relational dynamics. They simply don’t have time to worry who is a better apple; they have a lot to do.

Big data and big-enough data

Big data is information that is too big to process by any kind of manual data analysis tools. For example Walmart has databases equivalent of 167 times the information in all the books in the Library of Congress. But besides purely technological, there are also significant institutional limitations to process data. For example, in our old assessment system, one data manager was able to process most of the reports within six months or so. It was always too late to make any decisions for the following academic year. It just took too much work to bring our puny (in comparison to Walmart’s) amount of data into a usable form.

Now we are working on a new system, where many different people will be entering data more or less in real time, into one integrated and publicly accessible warehouse. But even with those efficiencies, the question remains – is it the right size and the right quality of data we can actually digest? Is it too big, or too small? Is the quality of data good enough to make it actionable? And finally, are the time and resources used to collect and aggregate it justifiable? Can it actually improve the quality of our decisions? Those are all questions that can only be answered through experiences.

Various accrediting bodies, including NCATE and most states’ departments of education tried to impose the culture of data onto its member institutions. That first attempt more or less failed, because no one knew what the right size of data is appropriate for a particular kind of institution. As a result, most of the teacher preparation institutions contracted the compliance disease. I venture to guess that the quality of data collected actually got worse because of these miscalculated policies. They are now trying to correct their own error by encouraging institutions to think deeper about what data is needed, and how it can be improved and used. Data that is generated for compliance reasons only is always too big. Therefore the ownership of the process turned out actually a lot more important than the size of the data.

In a sense, we all are starting from square one again; and this would be true not just for the teacher preparation programs. The questions to ask in the square one are not what we can collect and what does RIDE or CAEP or a SPA want. Those are entirely wrong questions. The questions should be like this: What do we not know, but would like to know? How can we be surprised by data? Is it interesting to look at? What can we feasibly collect and store? What and how can we process quickly, in time for some decisions to be made? What tools and resources do we have to make all of this possible?

The unchecked truth

At the heart of many conflicts is a belief about the nature of truth. Two or more people will construct their version of “what happened.” In some cases, they have been the direct participants of the past events, and therefore they claim the right to know the truth of events as they happened. In other cases, they heard it from people they trust. However, almost inevitably, their versions of events in the past are very different. In the absence of conflict, such disparate versions of reality happily exist in different heads, and their owners either do not know or do not care that someone else remembers the same events very differently. However, when they are asked to recall it in a confrontational situation, those differences come up against each other, clash, and tend to deepen the conflict rather than resolve it. When someone else is retelling the story with which you grew comfortable, it creates a whole set of questions about the other person’s motivation, truthfulness, the attack on your integrity, etc.

Why is this happening? First, because we’re the story-telling creatures. We have the deep need to construct a coherent narrative. Therefore we fill in the gaps in our factual knowledge with guesses, especially about other people’s motives (which we cannot read). We have to; otherwise the story does not hang together, and bothers us. It remains in what some psychologists call the cognitive dissonance. Only a few people have developed a habit of constantly challenging their own version of events. Self-doubt is a relatively rare skill; most of us do not have it. But the need for story-telling makes us create a total, holistic story. And how does a story become complete? - By providing an explanation to the actors’ motives. Aha, I know WHY he did this; I can now rest easy, and archive the event. To commit an even to our long-term memory, we need a label, a value judgment: “a bad person story,” “an incompetent person story,” “a nice person story.” This is why we actually have the social memories – to keep track of our friends, enemies, and who we owe a favor, and who owes favor to us. The evolutionary function of the brain is largely to provide for this kind of accounting. It worked well in small bands of early humans with exhaustive face-to-face interactions, and repetitive events. It does not work that well in complex organizations. Our brains are seriously deficient for the world we have created.

In complex organizations, where many transactions are by e-mail, through a third person, or spread over time, we simply do not have access to the whole set of facts. This is especially true in interactions that include many people. But no matter how little we know, our instinct is to create a full story.

In addition, human memory changes the story every time we recall it. The more often we recall a certain event, the more details we add to it. Most people know about the phenomenon of false memories, or confabulations. Unfortunately, we all suffer from the very mild version of it. Take any of your youth or childhood memories, preferably one that you have recalled many times, and try to fact-check with other family members. You will see that certain details of it you have made up. But because in our society there is such a premium on honesty, and on good memory, we tend to balk at a suggestion that we misrepresent a factual event. The mechanisms of self-justification kick in powerfully when we are doubted.

The solutions to this dilemma have been around for a long time. One is to agree that no one has the whole truth. No matter how righteous you feel, and how noble your motives, you do not possess the whole truth, nor are other people obligated to buy your version of events. The second solution comes from the ancient Greek and Roman laws. It is still the cornerstone of our judicial system. There are rules for public contest between the conflicting versions of the truth. Basically, the public, or its representatives have the right to construct their own version of the truth by challenging and considering the individual versions.

And finally, my favorite philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin made a more general claim. He said that error is not the only source of multiple voices. If two people disagree, it does not mean that one of them wrong. It may be the case for a narrow set of empirically verifiable disputes, but does not apply to the vast majority of human interactions. The ability to internalize dialog, to be able to challenge and check your own truth is becoming an essential skill for living in the contemporary society. The truth is irreducible to one story, it is always a set of mutually addressed, but distinct stories.

Moscow

Moscow is a strange city. Like New York, it offers endless variety of people, most of them walking too fast to care about you and whether you’re staring at them or not. Yet it also has the Boulevard Ring around its center, where elderly dogs slowly lead their elderly owners forward – who knows where? This is the entirely different rhythm and reason.

It is so familiar – we lived there for three years between 1987 and 1990 – and yet so profoundly different. Imagine a house that you grew up in, and new owners remodeled it completely. Here and there you can recognize it, and know that underneath all the shiny covers, there is probably more things you could recognize.

The most unnerving thing is not the city itself, but my own eyes. I lost my old eyes; I see things differently now. Perhaps it is simply a function of age, perhaps of 22 years of emigrant existence. It is just difficult to find the one connection where what you’re looking at is the same, and your eyes are the same as before.

And yet, as I was exiting Polyanka subway station, the warm wind blew in my face just so, with the smell of railroad ties mixed in, and with the sound of the train leaving the station. Where my eyes fail, other senses come to rescue. Hello again, Moscow.

Rhode Island State University

Very few things are more annoying than frivolous renaming. They tend to have a tint of change without a substance. Yet in some cases, name changes are very helpful, for they signify real change.

RIC changed its name twice, from the Normal School to Rhode Island College of Education. The last change from RICE to RIC happened in 1959, and I have met people who graduated before that. The change of name recognized the fact that the College became a comprehensive institution, no longer focusing exclusively on teacher training. Now teacher preparation includes a relatively small minority of all students.

I think it is time for another renaming. The college has built significant number of graduate programs; it shares a Ph.D. program with URI, and may create one or more doctoral programs. There is a great variety of undergraduate programs, a much more robust scholarship record of faculty members, a sophisticated infrastructure, including a very good library. IN other words, the place has all the features normally associate with a university.

In the US, “college” only weakly connotes with a junior type of institution. However, this connotation is much stronger in other English-speaking countries and internationally. As RIC faculty participate more more in international organizations, and as we are trying to attract more foreign students, these semantics make a much larger difference.

Of course, RIC is a great short name, easy to remember and to pronounce. It has a comfort of familiarity; perhaps a bit too much familiarity? It brings up an image of a jovial local guy named Rick, a nice neighbor in a baseball hat. I am not sure though if this is the connotations and allusions we want. RISU or RIU are not as handy to say and to remember, but I am pretty sure the benefits would outweigh the cost.

Thanks for showing up

Last night, at the (Ad)mission Accomplished ceremony, I was somewhat overwhelmed by a wave of gratitude to those faculty and staff members who just showed up to support the event. They did not have to be there. They were not on the committee to put it together, and had no speaking parts. They just came to be there at 6:30 on a Thursday night, and to welcome the newly admitted students to our professional community. A different group of people came to one of the three Central Falls lab district meetings. Someone else always comes to commencements. Other people come to other things, but someone is always there.

Communities do not build themselves automatically. They require much effort, planning, tolerance to each other, supporting structures, shared values and many other things. But the essential smallest building block of any real community is showing up. A small symbolic micro-sacrifice does not do much, and yet it accomplishes everything. The act of bringing one’s own body into an event of co-being, of turning one’s face towards others, of sharing the space and time with others – this act is as important as it hard to appreciate.

Some people say they enjoy things like commencements. Yeah, no, this is not exactly an entertainment venue, nor is it hugely varied or exciting. What one learns to enjoy is exactly the ritual of bringing one small symbolic brick and putting it on top of a large common building. That is usually the real motivation, and only people who are able to see the value of small contributions can develop the taste for it.

I am a dean, and have to show up for many of these things by the virtue of my job (not to all of them, and I am sorry if I missed yours!), so I do not deserve much credit. It is people who chose to show up that I want to acknowledge. Thank you for making our community possible.

Time to transition

By necessity, I have to switch to more of a clean-up mode, trying to finish the unfinished, to put in writing what I know. There are little skirmishes we need to finish fighting, and unresolved issues to put in a more manageable state. I am trying to avoid making any new commitments and come up with new ideas because other people will have to follow through on them.

People around me are changing their strategies, too. They now think – “Oh, I have to take on this responsibility,” and this simple thought makes planning a lot more pragmatic and realistic. A few minor projects will inevitably be abandoned, because I failed to get wider support for them. The majority of traditions and initiatives were put in place long before me, and will continue to go on. And many things we started together in the last three years will continue go on without me. Someone will take the lead; they already have.

My role is changing ever so slightly. I am asked more for advice and opinion rather than for approval and for commitment. This subtle shifting of gears is very encouraging. I think I wrote about this several times, but here it is again: Administrators have to deal with the future in a little more concrete and tangible way. We always think one to three years ahead, because organizational processes tend to be longer than in the everyday life. For example, the next NCATE visit comes in 2018, and we already have a shared folder for evidence, and are building a data depository to prepare for it. But the point is – I can actually now see this future without me; the sketchy outlines of events and routines, of faces and issues, without me there. I am helping to plan myself out of the picture. It is slightly weird, like an out-of-body experience, and yet somehow also very comforting.

One thing I learned for sure – longer transitions help. We all need a little time to wrap our heads around change, to get our imagination going, and to re-map the future if it changed. When I was leaving Colorado 3 years ago, we did not have much time. I just found my previous “Leaving” blog – it was on May 7, 2010. We had enough time for technical transitions, but not for the kind of imaginative ones. It was probably a little more disruptive there. Imagination is what makes communities possible. We imagine our common past – not very accurately, but convincingly. We also imagine our near future even though it would be difficult to articulate what that is. There is the unconscious imagination that prepares the background for the story of our lives to unfold. While change is inevitable and sometimes fast, having some time to reprogram our imagination is a good thing.

Don’t worry, you will be fine

Over the course of the last couple of weeks, many greetings and best wishes came my way. Many thanks to all! Sometimes a little worry would be mixed into these greetings. Although I am very flattered by it, I also know that the School will be just fine, and will move forward without me. The institution is just so much larger and stronger than one individual. If I was able to steer it a little to one or another side, it is only because it has its own tremendous power. Think of it as surfing: it may look like the surfing is controlling the wave, but he is only riding it. His skill is in staying atop, not in telling the waive what to do. Of course, I have my opinions on what should be done to stay on course, and I will lay it on you, in the best tradition of the lame duck advice.

First, try to keep all the things that have been working so far. Most fundamentally, the culture of attention to teaching and to student needs is worth defending and developing. It is the School’s and RIC’s largest asset. Several traditions should just keep going – the Promising practices, the Writing Project Conference, the faculty retreats, and now the Spring Conference, the Education Day at McCoy Stadium, the Special Olympics training day and the Admission Accomplished celebration of teaching …. I am probably missing a few. Departments have their own traditional events, celebrations and habits. The worst thing to do is to let go things that work. RIC as a whole has a strong tradition of faculty governance. It is important to maintain, to keep the rules explicit, and change them when they become obstacles. Faculty taken together present the most important power center on campus, and if you want something changed, all you need to do is get together. DLC has been an effective leadership center, where issues are honestly discussed, and collective decisions are made.

Second, we are a professional school, and you all should keep one foot in the respective professional community. It is important to be engaged – either in the local, or the regional or the national level, but we need to show up, know what’s going on, and involve ourselves whenever possible. Try to maintain and cultivate the myriad of existing partnerships and connections. The new Central Falls partnership may bring much more - and different - opportunities. It will be probably not one unified project, but a serious of smaller partnerships, which is just fine. Actually, a more flexible, more agile organizational structure will ensure the project’s adaptability and long-term sustainability. Engagement is difficult to do, for it requires additional effort without any additional compensation. But in the long run it is hard to imagine something more important. We cannot afford to fall behind in our fields.

And third, continue to tweak curriculum and programs. This has to become a habit – every year something needs to move, change, improve, and get reconsidered. I think it is extremely important to keep moving. And next to these incremental improvements, you should keep at least one or two more radically innovative things going, just to hedge your bets. We have built significant expertise in marketing of our programs, recruitment, off-campus and online delivery; these should be shared more widely, and become a part of every-day work. Again the CF project may be used as a lab for innovation. And we have a number of very good structures for free, open, innovative thinking – the professional learning communities, TEIL, informal reading and writing groups. It really does not take much to put one together, but those conversations may as well be the most enjoyable parts of our jobs. Undergraduate enrollments should probably bounce a little back, but will not be at the highest levels any time soon. And it is probably a good thing. The graduate programming is a lot more open question. If going to cohort model and off-campus is not going to save them, then online would be the next logical move. To be prepared for it, you will need to keep working on the right skills and experiences.

There are some decisions to be made in the next few years. One of the most important depends on the outcomes of the program approval process by RIDE. Depending on how well it is integrated with NCATE, you all will have to make a call on whether to stay with NCATE accreditation. It is a difficult conversation, for we have benefited, but also spent a tremendous amount of resources on it. Of course, NCATE (now CAPE) is also changing its standards and review practices, in some cases very significantly. So this is not going to be a simple call, and I would encourage you to spend some time mulling over it, weighing all pros and cons. But once it is made one way or another, it will lead to reconsidering the assessment system, perhaps the entire curriculum. Anyway, this can be a very long blog indeed. All I wanted to say is – FSEHD is a strong organization, perhaps stronger than you imagine; you all will be just fine.

Leaving

The news is definitely out; I am leaving RIC at the end of this school year. I have accepted position at the Higher School of Economics, in Moscow. Svetlana and I are moving to Russia this summer. What were some of the pros and cons of this decision?

Cons:

We like it in Rhode Island. Our two children, our son-in-law and our granddaughter live nearby. We grew to like the city, and the rest of the State. We have a great house in a nice neighborhood. I really enjoy working at RIC, have wonderful colleagues, and would like to see some of our projects to fruition. I have met many people in this State, and developed a great professional network here. The size of the State makes it a little easier than in some other places. And most importantly, I think I just started to figure out this job, and stopped making rookie mistakes.

It has been over 20 years (I came in 1991 first, Svetlana joined me in 1992, and the kids – later in the same year), and in many ways we all have become Americanized. Of course, the kids went almost completely native, but neither Svetlana nor I can pass. Yet we feel like we belong here. Notre Dame, Seattle, Bowling Green, Greeley, Providence – all of these are our home towns. From that place in my chest to every one of these places, the invisible emotional threads are tied. Pull on them, and you wake up memories, images, places, names and faces of friends. This is home, and we don’t want to leave.

Pros:

We were always reluctant immigrants, with one foot in the old country. Our extended families are still there, many friends and professional connections. We did not flee poverty or prosecution, and have no bitter feelings towards Russia. We have gone back many times, almost every year since 1996. Fundamentally, we came here for education – to educate our children and to learn about the world and about this country. Well, that mission is almost accomplished. We always wanted to go back one day, although after years of telling that to people, they stop taking your seriously. I have been actually asking my Russian connections for years about a possible job back there, but nothing came up (although I interviewed for another job in Moscow in 2006). So when this opportunity came to my attention, we were intrigued. It is going to be an interesting and challenging work, but that is what adds spice to our lives, doesn’t it? The university is commonly known as Vyshka is one of the newer ones, founded in 1992 (as opposed to Moscow State University, 1755). It has become one of the leading research universities, now expanding into social sciences, humanities, and education.

We lived in Moscow in 1987-90, and still have many friends there. Maria went to her first school there. There is another invisible thread leading to that wonderful city. It has changed remarkably, and yet at some deeper level it is still the same – incredibly eclectic, both sophisticated and profane. The city has 164 stage theaters, and 116 movie theaters. And yet you could find places there that you really don’t want to find. It has some of the worst traffic, but also some of the most efficient public transportation systems in the world. It’s a maddening city, and we don’t mind that.

It is not easy, you see, and this all may be one big mistake. But we would never know until we tried.

The Value-Added Scandal

A scandal broke out at the 2013 AACTE conference. A session brought together several proponents of the value-added model of evaluating effectiveness of teacher preparation programs from Louisiana, Ohio, and Connecticut. After their upbeat reports on how their respective states implement the model, Cory Koedel, a respected researcher reported that all of their models are based on incorrect interpretation of statistics. Judge the quality of his evidence for yourself in an earlier paper on the same subject. In previous studies, there was a significant clustering error; to prove it, Koedel and his co-authors employed a clever technique: they assigned teachers to teacher preparation programs randomly and still found something that looked like a statistically significant “difference” between the purely imagined programs. The random assignment should have shown no difference at all, but it did, which proves the clustering error. After adjusting for the error, they re-run the analysis for real programs and found virtually no statistical differences among the programs. It may be because we still do not have large samples, or because teacher preparation programs are similarly effective, or because other unknown factors like school leadership or culture are more important than we thought. There may very well be differences among teacher preparation programs, but using test scores of its graduates’ students is not a good way of measuring them. Variance within each program is way more important than the variance between programs.

The scandal is not in the error itself, but in the fact that we now have an entire federal policy based on the error. Both the Race to the Top and the NCLB Waivers regime include a push for states to develop teacher preparation evaluation systems based on the value-added model. Many states, including Rhode Island, have it as at least a stated goal. Louisiana has already ranked its teacher preparation programs, and may have closed some, based on the same error. Of course, Koedel’s discover happened after RttT became fact, but the question remains: how can Federal Government implement a very significant policy on the national scale without proper piloting, and without rigorous analysis of the underlying statistical methods? I don’t think each state can be blamed for adopting the idea; after all, the US Department of Education demands it – and puts its name and reputation behind it.

The next step would be re-analyze Louisiana and other states’ data to see if correction of the error will produce different results. I don’t believe it can be the case even in theory, because of the Koedel et.al’s falsification experiment. It is just too darn compelling. But what is next policy-wise? The emperor has been shown to have no clothes. Will the policy change, or will the Department keep pretending that nothing has happened?

Scholarship at a teaching college

Institutions like RIC face a dilemma. On one hand, we are a teaching college. Despite a few kinks, the culture of quality teaching and advising is extremely strong here. The absolute majority of faculty members take teaching very seriously; they spend enormous time and effort on getting better at it. They expect and demand much from each other. Our graduates would recommend RIC to their family and friends at the rate of 3.35 out of 4 (3 is agree, 4 –strongly agree). On the other hand, the institution needs a mechanism to ensure that faculty keep current in their academic fields. The only known way to do it is to check if they write and publish; preferably in peer-reviewed journals. The institution is interested in your writing only as much as it makes you stay relevant. It is especially important in graduate education: one has a very hard looking credible without a record of original scholarship.

With teaching, there is a powerful structure and incentive; your classes are scheduled, you have to show up, and look competent to your students. With scholarship, there is no schedule; it is entirely self-paced and self-motivated. When the time is precious, it is very easy to put it off for another day or a week, or a month – until after I am done with my SPA report, after I am done with grading, after I revise that course, etc. Just like with exercise or any other discipline, rewards are distant, and sacrifice is immediate. It is also ethically complicated, because teaching, advising, and most service make visible impact on lives of real people. Publishing may feel abstract, remote and not that consequential. Google tells me all my writings in both languages over quarter of century were cited 425 times. For comparison, Eric Hanushek’s scholarly writings were cited 30,462 times. Let’s admit it, most of us aren’t influential scholars. Even this very obscure blog had 64,822 page views since 2006. Give me just one motivating reason to keep writing scholarly papers and books.

Organizational needs often conflict with people’s life circumstances, psychology, and interests. Organizations and people adapt and accommodate. For example, RIC/AFT Agreement allows for a great variety of evidence of professional competence. While peer-reviewed publications are still the gold standards, it is reasonable to expect faculty integrating their teaching, service, and scholarship in many different ways. Publications for practitioners, certain forms of grant writing, service to professional communities – all these count. More can be done if we listen to some of the behavioral economic advice; see for example the Nudge blog and book. They basically say that small tweaking of rules and incentives can sometimes produce significant changes in people’s behavior. It happens when we consider the actual circumstances in which people live and work, and are not trying to change them. Here are some possible ideas:

• Syllabus, a peer-reviewed journal that publishes good course syllabi. Oh, wait, this has been done already :)
• “What I am working on” web page. It makes one’s work more public and less isolated. 
• Encourage/incentivize writing groups among faculty. Even a small nudge here could make writing more fun, more engaged, and more visible. 
• Encourage class projects that result in publications. In general, co-writing with students may feel like great service to them, and allows one to stay current. 
• More specific tracking and accountability (to include publications) after new faculty reassigned time, AFT research reassigned time, and sabbatical leave. 
• Serving as a reviewer for scholarly journals can be a great way to continue reading current research, because it does have deadlines, and expectations of quality. We should learn value and acknowledge it more as a form of real scholarship. 

And finally, I wonder if we can shorten the logical chain: Reading new literature->writing one’s own papers->using new knowledge in teaching. The middle link is there only because we could not figure out another way to prove that one is keeping up with one’s field. What if instead of publishing a paper, one would curate an on-line resource that reflects the new development in one’s field, for example with http://www.academicroom.com, or with a libguide – something that our Adams Library encourages people to do anyway. I know this sounds risky and won’t work for all academic fields, but still, why not rethink the whole problem within the new informational world we live in now? The trick is to figure out an equivalent of peer review – the only known way of controlling for quality of scholarship. But curating in general emerges as more and more important knowledge activity. I would rather read a well-curated secondary source than a mediocre piece of original writing. 

Selling student teaching and the communicative ecosystem

For the last two years, we have been worrying about student teaching placements. The new teacher evaluation system is making it harder with every semester. Teachers worry about student achievement, and are reluctant to give up control over their classrooms even for a few weeks. Many also feel stressed about the new system and don’t have time and energy to give to student teachers. They are especially disinclined to spend time bringing them up to speed on their immediate worries – SLO’s, teacher evaluation artifacts and rubrics. District officials further restrict our options, rightfully worrying that for some schools, student teachers would be a distraction.

We saw this coming for a while, and planted some seeds. Eileen Sullivan and Rainy Cotti, with quite a few of our colleagues from HBS and some other partner schools have piloted the Co-teaching in Student Teaching model; something we adopted from St. Cloud’s University in Minnesota. The Blackstone Valley School pilot is another version of the same idea. We kept talking about it, accumulating ideas. What if student teachers brought something with them, like a resource or a cool PD idea? What if we could guarantee that they know something about SLO’s?

There is a time when you have to collect all the smaller ideas and assemble them into one larger package. Why? Because what we need to do is to send a simple and clear message – a student teacher is not a liability, but an asset. You do not lose anything, but gain something. That’s the thing with messaging – sometimes you cannot get across a series of small incremental improvements; you need to make a case that we’re qualitatively changing the whole concept of student teaching. So this week, Karen, Eileen, Kim and I went to Donovan for lunch and tried to assemble the package. Here is the resulting draft.

The act of collecting a number of small ideas, trying to see a theme, a pattern – this is an increasingly important method of our work. We live in the age of hyper-effective communication. Thoughtful messaging is very important, simply because the communication space is so crowded. Our audiences are slowly developing the skill of message triage: if they suspect that someone did not work hard on making the message effective, they will tune out. In the past, the investment into communication was measured by expensive paper, good print, glossy photos. However, as these old signals become less and less expensive, it is the quality of the message itself that begins to play this role. Did you assemble small messages into one? Did you address my needs? Do you know me? Do you care enough to edit your message to the essential? Does it look good? Is it skimmable? Most of us by now have learned to ask these questions of the communications directed at us, but we’re long way from being able to answer them when we’re the messengers.

We live in the world where every communication becomes an act of advertising. It may rub someone in the wrong way, but I would argue this is going to a better world. It is a world where more and more people will learn to be better communicators. Teaching is better when we carefully craft and edit our messaging. Working with colleagues is better if we respect each other’s time and attention spans. (I am still being copied on two colleagues’ attempts to set up a meeting for just the two of them J). The ecosystem of human communications is definitely evolving. The species of smaller, purer, more powerful messages is evolving, and it is the survival of the fittest out there.

So, we need your wisdom and your help. We need this draft to be perfect. For example the name of the re-branded student teaching is terrible. (We briefly considered Teachers-In-Training, but disliked the acronym). The whole thing is still too long and confusing. We need to tailor it to superintendents, to principals, and to classroom teachers; all with different needs and agendas. Please edit, comment, brainstorm!

We have not yet considered if we can actually add these new requirements to students, but that is a parallel, and important conversation. Don’t worry, we will go through it item-by-item with chairs. But it is also the feature of the new world that we must weigh our actions not only by their internal merit, but also by how communicable they are.

Things to do during storm

To do 

1. Watch bad movies out of Red Box 
2. Play board and/or video games 
3. Snack 
4. Drink tea, then wine, then whisky 
5. Look out the window 
6. Remember previous storms’ stories 
7. Wear pajamas all day 
8. Play with the dog and/or cat 
9. Watch nice houses on coastline flooded 
10. Catch up on Facebook 
11. Fantasize about the end of the world and your survival strategies 
12. Write a very short blog 

Not to do

1. Any kind of useful work 
2. Walk the dog 
3. Drive anywhere 
4. Answer work-related emails 
5. Clean the house 
6. Watch good movies 
7. Wear nice clothes (skip the shower, too) 
8. Exercise 
9. Shovel driveway 
10. Stock on food, water, and batteries 
11. Watch the Weather Channel 
12. Grade

Peripheral awareness

I don’t know much about most of the things that are going on in our School. Each course is a little novel, with its plot and character development; every faculty committee is a think-tank or a management team, with its own dynamics. We have many projects, big and small, successful and so-so, long and short. I cannot know about all of this, and this is just fine. The only problem with not knowing –I cannot thank and recognize everyone and learn from their work. 

There is a class of things I am directly involved with, know many details, and sometimes help plan and execute. It is not always a rational choice, and I should definitely learn to be better at delegation. Sometimes there is simply no choice, because no one else can do it, or there is no time to delegate.

And then there is a vast area in between – things that I am peripherally aware of. That means I simply know the story, but not in any detail. It is an incredibly important sort of knowledge. What it allows me to do is to match various people’s interests, resources, experiences, precedents to problems we are trying to address. And this belongs to the core function of academic leadership – the ability to match problems with solutions. The trick is to know enough to see a possible connection, but not too much to be overwhelmed by the information. The half-way, vague awareness of what people are doing or are capable of doing has its own specific nature, probably its own laws of memory we do not quite understand.

Here is a small example: last night I was at the School Support network fair RIDE put together for turn-around schools. We were offering just three packages: TESL, Ed. Leadership, and the Restorative Practices course. However, a principal asked if we have something for parent support. I said no, nothing in a form that we can offer. However, a couple of hours later I finally was able to remember – yes, we have a PD project proposal Andres submitted on RICPD.org last year, which is about a workshop for Latino parents. Now I can reach out to them and make a match. And things like that happen quite frequently. If I can’t make a connection, I will reach out to A-Deans, chairs – people who are also aware and peripherally aware of many things.

People tried to solve this problem with the help of technology, and in some cases, it can be done. However, a problem and a solution often do not recognize each other even when they meet; they describe themselves in mutually incomprehensible terms, and the potential link is lost to a computer. A human brain is still the best machine for identifying loosely defined patterns, or for connecting seemingly dissimilar things. I wish I knew a way to get better at peripheral awareness. I would also like to get more essential updates from people. Like anyone else, I hate being copied on messages where people discuss something that is their business. However, I always truly appreciate “I think you should know what we’re doing” messages; I’d like to have more of them, even though it is a little more work to summarize what happens than to forward me a 20-page long e-mail string (of which I am also guilty of, with respect to my superiors). But ultimately, it is my job to be aware of many things, if only vaguely.